That's why I only do one male at a time.
Only way to consistently repeat the inconsistent offspring with any "strain".
Thread drift incoming............I absolutely hate the tern strains.
Give the lack of consistency inherent within its blatantly misleading,like you have any idea *** the offspring are gonna be.......
I know when I plant cherry tomato seeds I get cherry tomatoes.
Beefsteak produce beefsteak.......never seen the same exact phenos twice either.
we are looking for as much diversity as possible and there will be plenty of phenos to choose from in the F1’s
some good reading if anyone is interested
The incidence and selection of multiple mating in plants
John R. Pannell and
Anne-Marie Labouche
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ABSTRACT
ABSTRACT
Mating with more than one pollen donor, or polyandry, is common in land plants. In flowering plants, polyandry occurs when the pollen from different potential sires is distributed among the fruits of a single individual, or when pollen from more than one donor is deposited on the same stigma. Because polyandry typically leads to multiple paternity among or within fruits, it can be indirectly inferred on the basis of paternity analysis using molecular markers. A review of the literature indicates that polyandry is probably ubiquitous in plants except those that habitually self-fertilize, or that disperse their pollen in pollen packages, such as polyads or pollinia. Multiple mating may increase plants' female component by alleviating pollen limitation or by promoting competition among pollen grains from different potential sires. Accordingly, a number of traits have evolved that should promote polyandry at the flower level from the female's point of view, e.g. the prolongation of stigma receptivity or increases in stigma size. However, many floral traits, such as attractiveness, the physical manipulation of pollinators and pollen-dispensing mechanisms that lead to polyandrous pollination, have probably evolved in response to selection to promote male siring success in general, so that polyandry might often best be seen as a by-product of selection to enhance outcross siring success. In this sense, polyandry in plants is similar to geitonogamy (selfing caused by pollen transfer among flowers of the same plant), because both polyandry and geitonogamy probably result from selection to promote outcross siring success, although geitonogamy is almost always deleterious while polyandry in plants will seldom be so.
Keywords: multiple paternity, pollen competition, polyandry, pollen dispersal, pollination, plant–pollinator interaction
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1. INTRODUCTION
Plants are sessile and employ animals, water or wind to disperse their pollen. Accordingly, they have rather less control over whom they mate with than do many animals. Pollen-dispersing individuals may sire progeny on many mothers, and mothers are likely to produce progeny sired by more than one father. The great majority of outcrossing plant populations are thus probably best described as polygamous. Nevertheless, inasmuch as the seed producers of a population receive pollen from more than one pollen donor, they can profitably be regarded as polyandrous: it is then interesting to ask, first, what advantages or disadvantages there could be for an individual to mate with more than one male; and second, to what extent plants could in fact ever choose to mate, or avoid mating, with more than one male, given an overall cost or benefit.
It is worth recalling from the start that mating in plants technically always occurs between haploid gametophytes, which produce sperm and egg cells by mitosis. In taxa in which the gametophytes are independent life stages, such as bryophytes and ferns, sperm from more than one gametophyte can end up competing to fertilize the eggs of a single common partner, i.e. polyandry is possible among gametophytes. In seed plants, by contrast, the female gametophyte, i.e. the ovule, is only ever fertilized by sperm delivered by a single male gametophyte, i.e. the pollen grain, so that polyandry is technically not possible at the gametophytic stage. Narrowly viewed, there is thus no possibility, for example, of sperm competition in seed plants. Nonetheless, it is useful to consider mating in these taxa in terms of interactions among sporophytes, and to view the dispersal of pollen grains from more than one sporophyte to the stigma(s) of another as ‘polyandry’. This usage allows comparison on a functional basis with other organisms that engage in multiple mating. Sperm competition in animals, for example, is then in many respects functionally analogous to pollen competition in seed plants [
1], which takes place before sperm are liberated into the ovule.
A key question concerns the extent to which plants are able to control their mating system at all, even at the within-fruit level. Although it is probably true that plants exercise less control over their mating than do animals, they do in fact influence their mating in a number of ways. These include: determining when they flower; how attractive they are to pollinators; where in the flower (and inflorescence) their anthers and stigmas are positioned (and when); when their anthers open and pollen is dispersed (and how much pollen is liberated during each pollinator's visit); when their stigmas are receptive (and for how long), and even which pollen grains are allowed access to the ovary after they have been deposited on the stigma. All of these processes, taken together, constitute a plant's floral syndrome, which will have evolved in response to selection to optimize reproductive success through both male and female sexual functions. The question, then, is not whether plants control whom they mate with, but rather how well, by what means and to what end.
A great deal of attention over the past couple of decades has been devoted to understanding the occurrence of ‘mixed mating’, where selfing rates are intermediate due to the deposition onto stigmas of a mix of self and outcross pollen. Much of this work has been stimulated by models that predicted that intermediate selfing rates would be evolutionarily unstable (reviewed in [
9]). Although mixed mating is a special case of polyandry, particularly in animal-pollinated plants [
10], its intensive study has perhaps drawn attention away from polyandrous mating in plants more generally. Given its extensive treatment elsewhere [
9], we will not be considering it in our review here.
Another important question concerns whether the adaptations we see in flowers are shaped directly by selection through the female function of plants to regulate the number of their potential mates, or are instead chiefly the outcome of selection on the male function to increase siring success. If females do regulate their mate number, we need to know why, i.e. what benefits might they receive by doing so. These questions apply to dioecious species (with separate sexes), but they are particularly pertinent to hermaphrodite plants because of the possibility of conflict that occurs between the male and female functions. Resolving this conflict, i.e. optimizing both the male and female components of reproductive success, has probably been a major theme in the evolution of floral strategies [
11,
12].
In this article, we review the occurrence of polyandry in plants and consider its potential functional significance. We begin by assessing the frequency of polyandry among plants and ask whether there are certain traits that are particularly associated with multiple mating. We then consider the extent to which plants might benefit from, or be compromised by, mating with more than one individual from the female's point of view. In the subsequent section, we contrast this possibility with the proposition that polyandry might be the result of simple random mating, modified by selection on plants to increase their male component of fitness through improved siring success. If the possible benefits of multiple mating to plants through their female function are just an incidental outcome of selection for increased siring success, this would suggest that the study of polyandry in plants could be seen as a relatively unprofitable detour in attempts to understand the evolution of fl
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2. HOW COMMON IS POLYANDRY IN PLANTS?
more here……….https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3576585/
